Integrative Health &
Applied Nutrition
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Integrative Health &
Applied Nutrition
magazine (IHCAN)
Editor’s note
February 2025
Is it all over for nutritional epidemiology? Harvard – we’re asking you
“Nutritional epidemiology based on self-reported food intakes reduced to junk status”. A damning comment from Prof Tim Noakes sums up any objective observer’s take on the new study that has slammed nutrition researchers’ use of food frequency questionnaires.
These instruments, now usually filled in online, require people to estimate and record the amount of food that they’ve been eating. This information forms the basis for huge, ongoing surveys – dietary databanks that researchers then mine to come up with associations between diet and chronic disease.
Anyone with half a brain – or anyone dealing with nutrition clients one to one – realised long ago that asking people to accurately or even honestly describe what they had for breakfast this week is at best just a rough guide to what they actually ate.
But scientists have to publish, and banging out papers based on what thousands of people say they include in their diets sounds impressive. Harvard, for example, has made use of two studies that have followed more than 100,000 nurses since 1976, and another ongoing survey involves more than 50,000 male health professionals. But this is the system that’s given us a never-ending stream of ridiculous claims: like the infamous “1.5 eggs a day puts you at risk of an early death” – not to be confused with “one egg a day increases the risk of diabetes by 60%”, and the classic Harvard TC Chan School of Public Health papers claiming that incredibly bad health outcomes are associated with eating meat…
...Read more...
…Now, with any luck, the game is up for this form of research. On page 6 you’ll find details of the 63-author review headed by the University of Aberdeen’s Prof John Speakman that decided to check the most basic metric: self-reported energy intake – ie calories, or the amount of food admitted to. It concludes that in the studies they looked at, more than 50% of the dietary information was inaccurate. “The macronutrient composition from dietary reports in these studies was systematically biased as the level of misreporting increased, leading to potentially spurious associations between diet components and body mass index”, they reported.
The research team publishing in Nature Food detail some obvious reasons for this: “All these methods are prone to ‘misreporting’ because people cannot accurately estimate the amount of food they are eating, have fallible memories for their intake and may, in some cases, deliberately falsify reports. In addition, for food intake diaries, people may react during the period of recording by changing their intake”. Or as one of my favourite nutritionists, Martin MacDonald, says: “People lie”.
And it turns out that some of the participants’ food recall reports in trusted surveys are only updated once every 2-4 years!
The Nature paper comments: “The problem of misreporting is so ubiquitous and severe that there have been calls for journals to stop publishing studies based on methods that depend on participants estimating their own dietary intake.. Yet, such studies continue to proliferate in the literature”.
Don’t be scared of AI – it’s here to help
It’s not going to replace you at the intimate point of shared power you have when you connect with a client. But it might just save you time and help you find answers more quickly.
Mike Ash, probably the leading clinical educator in the UK , is offering us an artificial intelligence tool tuned to our specific needs. He gave me an exclusive, pre-launch intro to FunctionalMind™ – it starts on page 25.
Mike says: “Amidst the rapid advancements in AI and technology, clinical expertise becomes more crucial than ever. The true art of medicine – understanding intricate patient narratives, fostering trust, and applying nuanced clinical judgment – will transform these technological innovations into powerful tools for delivering exceptional care”.
It’s one of those articles – you’ll think you’ve got it…kryptopyrroluria
Yes, thanks Gilian…when you read the list of “consequences” in Gilian Crowther’s great “beginner’s guide” to this double-pronged haeme disorder (page 42), I guarantee you’ll be wondering if you need to check yourself out.
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We don’t put a big emphasis on being “evidence based” in the conventional sense, mainly because the bulk of the evidence used in meta analyses and systematic reviews and to produce “guidelines” is not to be trusted. As Prof Richard David Feinman puts it, the meta-analysis is the “most dangerous” activity plaguing modern medical literature. And RCTs are of no use in assessing complex conditions that we address with multiple interventions – such as Dr Dale Bredesen’s Alzheimer’s protocol. Likewise, we highly value the hard-won clinical experience of multiple practitioners accumulated over the years and handed down over generations of evolving natural medicine practice. That said, we do put a lot of effort into referencing our features. References are online to save space, available within our members area.
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We’re always fully referenced
We don’t put a big emphasis on being “evidence based” in the conventional sense, mainly because the bulk of the evidence used in meta analyses and systematic reviews and to produce “guidelines” is not to be trusted. As Prof Richard David Feinman puts it, the meta-analysis is the “most dangerous” activity plaguing modern medical literature. And RCTs are of no use in assessing complex conditions that we address with multiple interventions – such as Dr Dale Bredesen’s Alzheimer’s protocol. Likewise, we highly value the hard-won clinical experience of multiple practitioners accumulated over the years and handed down over generations of evolving natural medicine practice. That said, we do put a lot of effort into referencing our features. References are online to save space, available within our members area.
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